TEFL Glossary

• academic coordinator
  person who maintains and develops academic courses and programs; supports teachers

• academic year
  the start and end date of the school year; ESL/EFL often has continuous enrolment even throughout the summer

• accent
  a particular way of pronouncing a language, especially when associated with a given country, region or social class

• accredited
  has official approval from a reliable body; some TEFL courses/certificates are accredited

• acculturation
  student (or teacher) adaptation to a new culture; many believe this is necessary in order for learning to occur in a foreign country

• acquisition
  the act of gaining skills and understanding

• active listening
  structured listening in which the listener confirms (in own words) what has been understood

• active voice
  a direct form of expression where the subject acts or performs the verb
  e.g. "The cat licked the child's hand." (see "passive voice")

• additive model
  theory that language proficiency relies on the acquisition of the first and second language

• adjective
  one of the nine parts of speech that describes or "modifies" a noun or pronoun, for example:

• Mary has black hair.

• He is handsome.

• adjective clause
  (also called "adjectival or relative clause")
  a clause that contains a subject, verb and relative pronoun (or adverb) and acts like an adjective
  e.g. "whose blue eyes were watching"

• adjunct
  (also called "modifier")
  a word, clause, or phrase that modifies or qualifies a verb or noun; when removed the sentence is still grammatically correct (see "complement")

• advanced
  one of the highest levels for English learners

• adverb ↗
  one of the nine parts of speech that describes or "modifies" a verb, adjective or another adverb, for example:

• They ran quickly.

• She is very rich.

• John works really slowly.

• adverbial clause
  a dependent clause that acts as an adverb and indicates such things as time, place, or reason
  e.g. "Although we are getting older, we grow more beautiful each day."

• affiliation
  the sense of being part of a community within the classroom

• affix
  an addition to the base form or stem of a word that modifies its meaning or creates a new word:

• prefixes occur at the beginning (eg pre- in preheat)

• suffixes occur at the end (eg -ation in exploration)

• affricate
  a speech sound characterized by a "stop" (no air flow) followed immediately by a "fricative" (slow release of air that creates friction)
  e.g. "ch" from "chair"

• agreement
  (also known as "concord")
  logical (in a grammatical sense) links between tense, case, or number
  e.g. "subject verb agreement"

• alveolar
  sound formed by touching the tip of the tongue to the spot where the gum line meets the upper teeth (as in "t" or "d")

• antecedent
  a word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun (or other substitute) when mentioned subsequently (in the same sentence or later)
  e.g. "Emily is nice because she brings me flowers."

• antonym
  a word that means the opposite of another word, for example: bad/good, up/down. See synonym

• appositive
  a noun or noun phrase that re-identifies or describes its neighbouring noun, eg "Canada, a multicultural country, is recognized by its maple leaf flag."

• approach
  the teaching method used

• aptitude test
  a standardized test that measures a learner's ability to acquire knowledge and skills

• article
  a determiner used to indicate a noun. The "indefinite articles" are a and an; while the "definite article" is the. For example:

• I brought an apple to eat.

• The apple I brought has gone bad.

• aspiration
  pronunciation that involves a release of breath

• assessment
  evaluation based on a learner's achievements

• assimilation
  where learners of different backgrounds (or levels) identify themselves as one group

• assimilating
  type of learning where explanations and concepts are most important

• audio lingual
  teaching related to listening and speaking

• auditory learners
  people who learn best by having discussions and listening to lectures

• authentic task
  task where language is practised in a way that is similar to the real world (role playing)

• authentic text or material
  texts taken from the real world, not adapted for learning purposes (newspapers)

• automaticity
  completed (often refers to speaking) unconsciously or without effort

• auxiliary verb
  (also called "helping verbs")
  a verb used with the main verb to help indicate something such as tense or voice
  e.g. "have, be, do"

• base form
  the basic form of a verb before conjugation into tenses
  e.g. "be"

• beginner
  the lowest level of English learner; learner may have had little or no previous exposure to the language

• benchmarks
  descriptors or reference points for measuring learning

• bilabial
  consonant sounds formed using both lips

• bottom up learning/processing
  starts with small or detailed learning (such as grammar) and progresses to large or more important concepts (such as reading a piece of text)

• brainstorming
  gathering up many thoughts and ideas based on one subject

• British/American English
  British English and American English are two varieties of the same language, and the (actually comparatively few) differences between them are mostly within the areas of:

• pronunciation (eg labORatory/LABoratory)

• vocabulary (eg lift/elevator)

• spelling (eg practise/practice)

• grammar (eg Have you eaten yet?/Did you eat yet?)

• case
  a grammatical category of pronouns and nouns that identifies a relationship to other words in the sentence; the three functions of case (the first two of which do not apply to nouns) are "subjective, objective and possessive" (also known more rarely as "nominative, accusative and genitive"), as in: he / him / his, boy's, boys'

• CELTA
  Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults

• chain schools
  language learning schools that have many locations in one country or around the world (under the same business name) e.g. GEOS, Berlitz, ECC

• chants
  repetitive lines of rhythmic text that learners say out loud in a group; language learning technique related to using music in the classroom

• choral reading
  group reading aloud where the pace is set by the teacher

• chunk
  words that are often understood or learned together as in fixed phrases; "chunking" means to organize learning into manageable amounts

• circulating
  moving around a room to observe and assist learners

• classroom climate
  the physical and emotional atmosphere or feeling in a classroom

• classroom language
  words and expressions used by the teacher (and that need to be understood by the students) to run lessons, such as: open your books, please turn to page 9, work with a partner. Classroom language varies according to class needs, but is usually based around areas like supplies (desk, paper, pencil); rules (don’t, should, must, can); people (student, teacher, classmates); classroom (whiteboard, computer, poster); requests (forming questions, bathroom, health); politeness: (please, thank you). Sometimes classed as a form of metalanguage.

• clause
  a grammatical unit just below sentence in rank and containing a subject and predicate. If the clause expresses a complete thought it may itself form a sentence, as in the first example below:

• people need water (People need water.)

• since she works at home

• who lives next door

• when the postman knocks

• because she married him

• cliché
  an expression that has been overused and is thus considered weak in writing

• cloze test
  a text from which words have been removed at regular intervals (eg every fifth or sixth word) and replaced with blank spaces which students have to fill in. Compare gap-fill exercise where the removal of words is not so random.

• cognate
  a word that has the same linguistic derivation as another word, for example:

• father (English)

• vater (German)

• pater (Latin)

• cognate (adjective)
  Of a word that shares its linguistic derivation with (ie, is related to) another: The English word "father" is cognate with the German "vater".

• collocation
  either the tendency for certain words to appear together or an instance of it, for example:

• bad temper, flat battery, place an order, watch your weight

• colloquial
  (of language, words, expressions) used in everyday conversation but not appropriate for formal speech or writing. ("Don't use colloquial language in your essays.")

• communicative approach
  an approach to language teaching in which the learner's main goal is to be able to communicate in the real world, and the teacher's role is as a facilitator

• comparative (adjective)
  words used to compare two things (not three or more)

• complement
  part of a sentence that is required to complete or provide meaning to a sentence

• compound noun
  a noun that is made up of more than one word; can be one word, hyphenated, or separated by a space
  e.g. "toothbrush," "Christmas Day", "mother-in-law"

• compound sentence
  a sentence with at least two independent clauses; usually joined by a conjunction
  e.g. "You can have something healthy, but you can't have more junk."

• comprehensible input
  theory that language learners only acquire a language if they basically understand what the teacher is saying or presenting

• comprehensible output
  theory that language learning occurs when people attempt and fail to communicate and are forced to try again

• comprehension
  achieving full understanding; "written comprehension" refers to an understanding of what has been read

• computer assisted language learning (CALL) (also called "e-learning")
  using the computer for learning

• computer-based test (CBT)
  an alternative to paper-based testing; test that is administered and taken on the computer

• conditional
  structure in English where one action depends on another ("if-then" structure); most common are first, second and third conditional

• conjunction
  one of the nine parts of speech that joins words and clauses, for example:

• bread and butter

• I like dogs but I don't like cats.

• describes or "modifies" words that join or connect parts of a sentence
  e.g. "and, but, or"

• consonant cluster
  a group of consonants without a vowel that form more than one sound
  e.g. "spl"

• content words
  words that have meaning such as nouns (opposite of "function words" such as pronouns and auxiliary verbs)

• (in) context
  parts of a piece of text (such as paragraphs) that precede and follow a certain detail

• contraction
  the shortening of two words into one
  e.g. "is not=isn't"

• convergence
  tendency to change the sound of your own voice to make it similar to someone you are talking to

• cooperative learning
  a teaching method in which learners are placed into small groups of different levels and given a task

• coping strategies
  efforts learners make to reduce stress while learning

• coursebook
  the main text book that learners use for a specific class

• critical period
  a hypothesis that suggests there is a certain time in a learner's life (before age 12) when language acquisition can fully occur; the theory suggests that after this period the learning capacity is weakened and native-like pronunciation is unlikely

• curriculum
  description of courses and/or content in a program

• dangling modifier
  an illogical structure that occurs in a sentence when a writer intends to modify one word but the reader attaches it to another word
  e.g. "Running to the bus, the flowers were blooming." (In the example sentence it seems the flowers were running.)

• declarative sentence
  a statement (as opposed to a question or command)

• deductive approach
  a traditional method of teaching grammar in which the rules are dictated to the learner first (see "inductive approach")

• deep learning
  where the learner analyses new information and ideas and links these to previous knowledge with the goal of long term retention and understanding (see "surface learning")

• demo lesson
  part of the interview process in which the applicant teaches a real class (usually a mini-lesson) in front of an interviewer or panel

• demonstrative pronoun
  a pronoun that represents a thing or things near in distance or time (this, these) or far in distance or time (that, those), as in Who's are these?

• dependent clause
  (also called "subordinate clause")
  part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a complete thought and cannot stand on its own
  e.g. "When the water came out of the tap..."

• descriptive grammar
  a set of rules about language that attempt to describe how it is actually used. Compare with prescriptive grammar, which is a set of rules about language that attempt to prescribe how it should be used.

• determiner
  one of the nine parts of speech that limits or "determines" a noun, such as: a/an, the, three, some, many. For example:

• I have two dogs and some rabbits.

• He booked these first three seats.

• dictation practice
  where learners attempt to reproduce what they hear in the form of text (graded dictations)

• diphthong
  a combination of two vowel sounds within the same syllable, with the first gliding into the second. For example, the word car is usually pronounced as a monophthong (one vowel sound only) but the word boy is usually pronounced as a diphthong with the first vowel sound gliding into the second.

• direct method
  teaching method in which only the target language is used (learners are not permitted to use their native language)

• direct object see object

• discourse
  the language system concerned with the way language works beyond the sentence level, including features such as coherence, linking, body language, conventions and turn-taking; any connected piece of speech or writing, which may mean a two-sentence dialogue or an entire essay

• diversity
  the differences between students in a classroom (culture, level, gender)

• drill
  repetitive practice with the aim of perfecting a specific skill

• EAP
  English for Academic Purposes; preparation for learners who are entering English secondary and post secondary schools

• EFL vs. ESL
  often used interchangeably; English as a Second Language refers to teaching in countries such as the USA where English is the native language; English as a Foreign Language refers to teaching in countries such as Thailand where English is not the native language

• electronic dictionary
  a hand held dictionary that translates a word from the learner's native language to the target language

• eliciting
  a teaching technique for drawing out information from learners rather than simply providing all the information

• embedded questions
  questions that occur within another statement or question and generally follow statement structure
  e.g. "I don't know where he went." OR "Can you tell me where it is?"

• EMT
  English Mother Tongue

• error analysis
  a study that looks at the patterns of errors of language learners

• error recognition
  a type of question in which the learner has to spot the language mistake

• ESOL
  English for Speakers of other Languages

• ESP
  English for Specific Purposes
  e.g. law, medicine, business

• ETS
  Educational Testing Service; a nonprofit organization that creates and administers standardized assessment tests such as TOEIC and TOEFL

• euphemism
  mild or pleasant language used instead of language that is harsh or unpleasant, for example:

• pass away instead of die

• let someone go instead of dismiss

• underprivileged instead of poor

• experiential learning
  learning based on actual experience

• external examiner
  ensures that standards are consistent at higher education level (UK)

• facilitator
  a person who assists or supports a learning group that is attempting to perform a task; remains neutral

• false friend
  a word that looks similar to a word in another language but in fact has a different meaning, for example:

• embarrassed (English)

• embarazada - meaning "pregnant" (Spanish)

• actually (English)

• actuellement - meaning "at the moment" (French)

• fillers
  learning activities and games similar to "warm ups" that fill time when a lesson ends before a class finishes or during a transition period

• first conditional
  the if-structure used for future events that could well happen, as in If it's sunny, we will go to the beach.

• flap
  a quick flick of the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or alveolar ridge
  e.g. the "t" in "daughter"

• fluency
  the ability to express oneself without effort

• form focused task
  a teaching method where learners are introduced to one learning item at a time with hopes that mastering each skill will eventually lead to learning a language

• formal language
  a style of language (often written, sometimes spoken) that reflects the seriousness of the occasion or topic, as in official documents, business letters or traditional speeches. Careful use of vocabulary and grammar is a hallmark of formal language, while a more relaxed approach may be taken in everyday or informal language.

• formulaic speech
  the use of words or phrases that a learner uses without really understanding the meaning

• forums
  online discussion boards where learners and teachers can connect

• fossilization
  the theory that certain grammatical errors are learned over time (such as the incorrect use of a certain tense) and become a permanent part of a learner's second language (contributing to "interlanguage")

• fragment
  a phrase that is incorrectly punctuated as a sentence but does not contain a complete thought

• free practice
  time set aside for learners to practise a skill with little direction from the teacher

• functional language
  typical expressions used for specific purposes such as making suggestions, giving directions, asking permission

• gap-fill exercise
  a text where some of the words have been replaced with blank spaces which students have to fill in. The missing words have usually been chosen for a particular reason, for example they are a specific part of speech such as verbs or nouns that the teacher wishes to test. Compare cloze test in which the removal of words is more random.

• gerund
  a verb form ending in -ing that works like a noun, as in Do you mind my asking you? (In ELT, -ing form is increasingly preferred over gerund.)

• gist
  the main point or central meaning of a piece of text (or audio segment)

• glottal stop
  a speech sound made by momentarily closing the back of the throat (glottis) and then releasing the air
  e.g. "Uh-oh"

• graded reader
  a text that has been adapted for language learners and targets a specific level of reader

• grading rubric
  a summary of criteria for assessment; includes various levels of achievement for each task or skill

• grammar
  the language system concerned with the way language is structured (mostly at the sentence level) to make meaning, including matters such as parts of speech, verb tenses, word agreement, clauses, and sentence formation

• Grammar Translation (formerly called the "Classical Method")
  a traditional language teaching method that requires learners to memorize grammar rules and vocabulary and translate large amounts of text into English; still one of the widely used teaching methods

• guided practice
  section in a lesson that gives learners the chance to use what they have been taught

• high-frequency words
  words that appear most often in written English, such as: I, and, the

• homestay
  living with a local family while learning at a language school

• homophone
  words that sound the same but differ in meaning and/or spelling
  e.g. "hare, hair"

• idiom
  a commonly-used expression with a meaning that cannot be understood simply from its individual words, for example:

• over the moon

• caught red-handed

• IELTS
  International English Language Testing Service: A standardized exam that measures the four main language skills

• imperative
  verb that gives a command; formed with base verb only
  e.g. "Brush your teeth."

• imperfect tense
  (also called "past progressive or past continuous")
  verbs that describe action from the past that was ongoing
  e.g. "I was walking..." OR "I used to walk" OR "I would walk..."

• independent clause
  (also called "main clause")
  a group of words that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence

• indirect object see object

• indirect question
  a sentence that ends with a period but contains a question within
  e.g. "She asked me what I wanted to eat."

• inductive approach
  a modern theory of teaching grammar in which the rules are taught in context or in a practical situation

• inflection
  a slight change to a word form, as in adding "s" to form a plural

• information gap activity
  a type of activity where learners must communicate with their classmates to get information needed to complete a task

• -ing form
  a word ending in -ing (eg working, fishing) used

• to form continuous tenses (where it is also called a present participle) as in: I will be working.

• like a noun (where it is decreasingly called a gerund) as in: Fishing is fun.

• instructional design
  development and evaluation of instructional materials and activities

• intensive course
  a learning course that take place during a reduced period of time (each class is generally longer in length than an average class)

• interactive writing
  where learners practise writing skills in a creative and open ended way with other learners and/or the teacher
  e.g. journal writing, chain stories

• interlanguage
  a language that is a mix between the target language and the mother tongue

• interjection
  one of the nine parts of speech that expresses emotion but has no grammatical value, for example:

• Ouch!

• Ah, that feels good.

• What do you think of that, eh?

• intermediate
  language learning level between beginner and advanced; learners at this level typically have a working English vocabulary and can communicate in real situations with effort

• international English
  (also "Global or World English")
  used in reference to English being named a global language of communication

• Internet-based test (iBT)
  a test (often standardized such as TOEFL) that is taken online

• interrogative, WH-word
  a word that is used to form questions, for example: who, why, where, how

• intonation
  changes of pitch when speaking (sometimes called the "music" of speech) that can for example express attitude or emotion, signal the difference between statements and questions, and emphasize important words or phrases

• intransitive verb
  an action verb that does not take a direct object (receiver of action)
  e.g. "The kids always eat while they watch TV." (see "transitive")

• jargon (also called or "lingo")
  expression or word typical of a certain group of speakers, but not considered Standard English

• JET
  Japanese Exchange and Teaching Programme; an opportunity for young teachers who want to visit and teach in Japan

• journal
  a notebook where learners can practise free writing and receive regular feedback from teachers

• kinaesthetic learners
  people who learn best though physical response; these learners have difficulty sitting for long periods of time

• L1
  First (primary or native) language

• L2
  Second language

• lesson plan
  a teacher's description of an individual lesson; usually includes title, language target and level, materials required, and a summary of the activities and practice that will take place (seasoned teachers often reduce to point form notes)

• language lab
  a school room with computers and/or audio equipment where learners can practise skills they have learned in the classroom on their own, especially listening to English

• language skills
  the four ways in which people use language: listening, speaking, reading, writing. These may be viewed as receptive ("input") / productive ("output"), and spoken / written:

  	receptive	productive
  spoken	listening	speaking
  written	reading	writing

• language systems
  the integrated components of language, the principal ones being:

• pronunciation (the phonological system)

• vocabulary (the semantic system)

• grammar (the syntactic system)

• discourse (the pragmatic system)

• levels
  any of various systems to measure (however inexactly) a learner's competency in English, from basic and unofficial scales such as beginner/elementary, pre-intermediate, intermediate, upper-intermediate, advanced to the EU-backed Common European Framework (CEF).

• lexis
  all of the words and word forms in a language with meaning or function

• linking verb
  verbs that connect the subject to more information (but do not indicate action), such as "be" or "seem"

• listening
  one of the four language skills, listening is the "input" or receptive skill associated with spoken language

• materials, ELT materials
  educational resources for teachers and/or learners, including things such as books, tests, websites, handouts and audiovisual materials

• metalanguage
  "language used to talk about language", more specifically the terminology that teachers and learners may use when discussing the target language, for instance noun, phrasal verb, tense, past simple, clause, sentence, reported speech, collocation, punctuation, word stress, schwa. Basic metalanguage is present in most coursebooks.

• minimal pair
  two words whose pronunciation differs only by one sound; often used in pronunciation practice. eg cat/bat, fine/vine

• m-learning, mobile learning
  any kind of learning using portable electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, MP3 players and laptops, usually through the Internet and coupled with mobile learning software and apps, and sometimes interacting with teachers and other learners in real time.

• modal, modal verb
  an auxiliary verb such as can/could, will/would, shall/should, must; paired with the bare infinitive of a verb as in: You should go for a jog.

• modifier
  describing words or phrases, such as adjectives, adverbs and prepositional phrases

• module
  an educational unit which is usually studied over a set amount of time (sometimes independently)

• monophthong see diphthong

• mood
  verb form that depicts the attitude of the writer or speaker
  e.g. subjunctive, indicative, imperative, conditional

• morpheme
  a unit of language with meaning that cannot be further divided. eg in, come, -ing forming incoming

• Mother tongue (also called "native language")
  the dominant language a person hears and learns in childhood

• motivation
  the drive to learn and improve

• multi sensory activities
  activities that require learners to use many of the senses, including listening, seeing and touching

• multilingual
  proficient in more than two languages

• native language (also called "Mother tongue")
  the dominant language a person hears and learns in childhood

• native speaker
  a person whose first language is the target language of the learner (English)

• Natural Approach
  the theory that learners should acquire a language as babies do, beginning with silent listening

• needs assessment
  a process in which teachers determine the needs and abilities of the learners in their class in order to plan a program appropriately; usually takes place at the beginning of a course

• negative
  forms where not is placed after the auxiliary verb (often contracted with an apostrophe), as in I do not like school.

• nominative case
  a term used to explain that the noun or pronoun is the "subject" rather than the "object" in an example sentence or clause

• non-restrictive clause (also called "non-defining")
  a relative clause that adds information but is not completely necessary; set off from the sentence with a comma
  e.g. "The boy, who had a chocolate bar in his hand, was still hungry." (see "restrictive clause")

• noun
  one of the nine parts of speech that that identifies a person, place, thing, such as: teacher, sister, John, forest, town, Bangkok, table, car, dog. For example:

• You should see the doctor.

• Did he go to school?

• I left my keys on the table.

• noun clause
  a clause that takes the place of a noun and cannot stand on its own; often introduced with words such as that, who, whoever, as in What the president said was surprising.

• object
  the thing or person affected by the verb. May be:

• direct object as in He drank tea.

• indirect object as in She showed me her books.

• objective case
  a term used to explain that the noun is the "direct object" of the verb

• observed teaching practice
  (also called "practicum")
  part of a teacher training program that involves getting practice in a real classroom and receiving feedback from an experienced teacher; usually a required number of hours

• onomatopoeia
  the formation of a word based on the sound associated with what it represents, for example bang, buzz, cuckoo, sizzle, splash.

• open ended question
  a question that requires more than a yes/no answer (or multiple choice selection) and requires the learner to use his/her own words
  e.g. "How do you feel about the class?"

• open learning
  a teaching method where the learner decides what he or she needs and wants to study and practise

• overcorrection
  a tendency of some teachers to correct every error without giving learners any opportunity to recognize their own mistakes

• paragraph
  a distinct section of a piece of writing dealing with a particular idea, usually indicated by a new line and consisting of one or more sentences

• part of speech
  one of nine categories to which words are assigned depending on their function within a sentence. The nine parts of speech are: verb, noun, adjective, determiner, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction and interjection. (Some grammarian recognize only eight parts of speech.) Also called "word class".

• participle
  a verb form that can be used as an adjective or a noun
  (see "past participle" and "present participle")

• passive voice
  an indirect form of expression in which the subject receives the action
  e.g. "The child's hand was licked by the cat." (see "active voice")

• past perfect
  a tense that refers to the past in the past; formed with subject + "had" + past participle, as in We had stopped the car.

• past participle
  refers to past or completed action and is used in passive sentences and as adjectives; usually formed by adding "ed" to the base verb
  e.g. "The shoes were polished." OR "I see a torn page."

• pedagogic task
  classroom tasks that learners would unlikely need to do in the real world

• peer evaluation
  learners providing feedback (or assigning marks) to other learners

• person
  a property of pronouns that differentiates participants in a conversation and has three values:

• first person (I/we): refers to the speaker

• second person (you): refers to the hearer

• third person (he/she/it/they): refers to all other people or things

• personal pronoun
  a pronoun (subject or object) that refers to a specific person or thing, as in: Anthony is my brother. He lives abroad so I never see him.

• phoneme
  the smallest unit of sound; carries no meaning on its own

• phonics
  a teaching method where learners are taught how to read by associating certain letters and letter groupings with certain sounds

• phonology
  the study of language sounds and sound patterns

• phrasal verb
  (also called "multi-word verb") verbs formed with a verb plus an adverb; (see "transitive" and "intransitive")
  e.g. "break up", "turn off" Phrasal Verbs Reference

• phrase
  two or more words that have a single function and form part of a sentence; phrases can be noun, adjective, adverbial, verb, or prepositional

• placement test
  a test that helps teachers or administrators determine a learner's language level; used for creating classes with distinct levels

• plosive
  a sound characterized by a sudden burst of air

• plural
  form that refers to more than one

• podcast
  a regularly updated audio segment that can be played back on a computer or downloaded to a listening device such as an MP3 player for future listening

• positive degree
  the state of an adjective or adverb when it shows quality but doesn't show any comparison
  e.g. "nice, kind, quickly" (see "superlative" and "comparative")

• PPP
  stands for "presentation, practice, production"; the main components to a lesson

• practicum (also called "observed teaching")
  part of a teacher training program that involves getting practice in a real classroom and receiving feedback from an experienced teacher; usually a required number of hours

• pragmatics
  the study of language and how people speak in a certain context or situation

• predicate
  one of the two main parts of a sentence explaining what is said of the subject (the subject is the other main part)

• prefix see affix

• preparation time
  the time a teacher spends getting ready for a class; can be paid or unpaid
  e.g. photocopying, writing lesson plans, choosing supplementary materials, marking

• preposition
  one of the nine parts of speech that usually comes before a noun phrase and connects it to another part of the sentence. Common prepositions are: at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, with. For example:

• She went to work at eight o'clock.

• Keep walking for two kilometres.

• Where do you come from?

• prepositional verb
  verbs that are formed with a verb + a preposition
  e.g. "believe in", "think about"

• prescriptive grammar
  a set of rules about language that attempt to prescribe how it should be used. Compare with descriptive grammar, which is a set of rules about language that attempt to describe how it is actually used.

• present participle
  the -ing form of a verb in continuous tenses, as in: She was sleeping.

• present perfect
  a verb tense that connects the past and the present and is used to express experience, change, or a continuing situation; formed with subject + "have/has" + past participle, as in I have never been to Africa.

• private lesson
  a one-on-one teaching session between a learner and a teacher/tutor

• process approach
  a method for teaching writing that walks learners through the strategies of pre-writing, writing and revision stages

• product approach
  a method for teaching writing in which learners are given a model and then asked to create something similar

• proficiency test
  a test that measures a learner's language background and skills (often used as a placement test)

• progressive
  a verb form that expresses ongoing action, as in We are studying penguins.

• pronunciation
  the language system concerned with the way the sounds of a language are spoken, including matters such as word stress, sentence stress, linking and intonation

• pronoun
  one of the nine parts of speech that stands in place of a noun, such as: she, him, yours, this, who, myself. For example:

• Tara is Trinidadian. She is beautiful.

• My car is red. What colour is yours?

• I wonder who is knocking at the door.

• proper noun
  a noun that is capitalized at all times, such as the name of a person, place, or brand

• pull-out ESL
  a program where students are removed from a regular classroom for part of the day to receive English language instruction

• punctuation
  a standard system (such as commas, periods, question marks) for marking written texts to clarify their meaning. A capital letter to mark the beginning of a sentence, proper noun or the pronoun I is also sometimes regarded as punctuation. The main punctuation marks are:

• [.] full stop (BrE) or period (AmE): used at the end of a sentence or abbreviation

• [,] comma: marks a pause between parts of a sentence, or between words in a list

• [?] question mark: marks the end of a question

• [!] exclamation mark (BrE) or exclamation point (BrE): marks surprise, anger, command, loudness etc

• [;] semicolon: stronger than a comma, marks a pause, typically between two main clauses

• [:] colon: precedes an example, an explanation, a list of items or a quotation

• ['] apostrophe: marks, with s, the possessive form of nouns; also replaces missing letters in a contraction

• [-] hyphen: joins words or parts of words

• [—] dash: marks a pause or break in sense; sometimes used like the colon

• [" "] quotation marks or speech marks: enclose direct speech, a quoted passage, titles of books etc

• [( )] brackets: enclose additional or subordinate information

• rate of acquisition
  how quickly the learner acquires the second language

• reading
  one of the four language skills, reading is the "input" or receptive skill associated with written language

• realia
  objects from the real world that learners can use while practising the language to make a classroom feel more like a real life setting

• recruiting agency (also called "placement agency")
  a business that acts as a middle man between the teacher and the school; schools pay recruiters to find teachers

• recycling
  a teaching method in which teachers (or materials) review vocabulary or skills that have already been taught by including them in subsequent lessons

• reduced clause
  a shortened relative clause (omit relative pronoun and "be" verb) or adverbial clause (omit subject and "be" verb) which is allowed under certain conditions
  e.g. "The woman who is sitting on the bench is my sister." Relative clause reduced to: "The woman sitting on the bench is my sister."

• rehearsal
  refers to the place in a lesson where learners get to practise what they've learned (in a variety of ways)

• relative clause
  a dependent clause that is usually introduced with a relative pronoun such as who, what, where or that (see "reduced clause"); information can be required for understanding (defining/restrictive with no commas) or unnecessary but interesting (non-defining/non-restrictive with commas)
  e.g. "The person who finishes first can leave early." (defining) OR "My brother, who lives in Texas, is coming to visit." (non-defining)

• restrictive clause (also called "defining clause")
  a type of relative clause that contains information that is required for the understanding of the sentence; not set off with commas
  e.g. "The boy who was wearing a blue shirt was the winner." (see non-restrictive clause)

• role-play
  a form of speaking practice where the learners pretend to be people they are not

• scaffolding
  offering strong instructional support when introducing a new concept or idea; including a discussion based on prior knowledge of a subject and offering images or other visual aids

• scan
  a type of reading that involves searching for something specific (such as an answer) in a piece of text

• schema theory
  a process where learners draw from their own background knowledge to understand a reading

• schwa
  the most common unstressed vowel sound in English, transcribed as /ə/. eg the a in account, the last o in doctor

• second conditional
  the if-structure used to talk about an unreal dream or unlikely possibility in the future, as in If we got rich, we would travel the world.

• self access materials/centres(SAC)
  resources or resource rooms where learners can choose their own books, handouts and audio visual programs to supplement their learning

• semantics
  the study of language meaning, including connotative meaning

• semi private lesson
  a tutoring style session in which two or three learners share one teacher; learners generally pay slightly less than private lessons

• series
  a grammatical term referring to a list of items in a sentence
  e.g. "The children ate popsicles, popcorn and chips."

• sight vocabulary
  words that are commonly used in text and are the first ones that learners spot and recognize when developing reading skills

• silent period
  a period of time in the initial phase of learning a language where a learner should not be required to respond but rather encouraged to understand what is being taught (according to some theorists)

• simile
  a figure of speech that likens one thing to another different thing. Similes can make descriptions more emphatic or vivid, as in: as light as a feather, drink like a fish

• simple past
  the tense used to talk about an action, event, or situation that occurred and was completed in the past
  e.g. "We ate cookies for breakfast."

• simple present, present simple
  the tense that is used to show something general, habitual, or always true
  e.g. "I like tea." OR "We go to the movies on Fridays."

• singular
  related to "one" and can be a noun, subject, or verb; a singular subject takes a singular verb (in grammar "number" refers to whether something is singular or plural)

• skills see language skills

• skills-based
  materials or lessons that are centred around certain types of skills such as reading, listening, pronunciation etc.

• skim
  to glance over a piece of text without reading fully

• slang
  very informal language, usually spoken rather than written, and typically restricted to a particular context or group of people, for example:

• hang out, junkie, limo, on the blink, pack heat, sicko

• slip
  a minor language mistake in spoken English (by a native speaker or advanced learner)

• sociolinguistic competence
  the ability to use and understand the appropriate language in different social situations

• speaking
  one of the four language skills, speaking is the "output" or productive skill associated with spoken language

• Standard English (S.E.)
  the "normal" spelling, pronunciation and grammar that is used by educated native speakers

• stress
  the extra time given to certain syllables or spoken words of importance
  e.g. "We don't want to worsen the problem." OR "The pho-to-grapher is late."

• STT
  Student Talking Time; the amount of time during class when learners get to do the talking (see TTT)

• student centred learning
  method of teaching where the needs and interests of the students receive priority and the teacher's role is "facilitator"

• student feedback
  reaction or evaluation from learners (directed towards other learners or the teacher)

• subject
  a noun or pronoun that does the action (or "is" the state)
  e.g. "The rain came down in buckets." OR "Mary is beautiful." (see "predicate")

• subjunctive
  a rare verb formed with the bare infinitive (except past of "be") usually used to express importance or urgency; common verbs or expressions include "recommend/ask/suggest + that" or expressions like "it is important/necessary that"
  e.g. "The teacher requests that you be at the school before the bell rings."

• submersion
  (also called "sink or swim")
  approach in which L2 are placed in the same class as L1 in the hope that they will learn as much as possible

• subordinate clause
  (also called "dependent clause")
  an adverb or adjective clause that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a complete sentence
  e.g. "When I'm tired, I have to take a nap." (see "independent clause")

• suffix see affix

• superlative
  an adjective or adverb that describes the extreme degree of something
  e.g. "happiest" OR "most joyfully"

• supplementary materials
  extra worksheets, games, books etc. that a teacher uses for teaching materials in addition to a core text (often based on the same theme or skill set)

• surface learning
  when a learner memorizes facts and accepts information for the purpose of an exam; long-term retention and understanding is unlikely (see "deep learning")

• syllable
  a single beat or sound in a spoken word
  e.g. "diff-i-cult" has three syllables

• syllabus
  an outline of the subjects in a course or program

• synonym
  a word that means the same as, or nearly the same as, another word, for example: close/shut, impromptu/spontaneous. See antonym

• syntax
  the study of rules related to proper sentence formation

• systems see language systems

• tape script/transcript
  the text version of an audio segment or lesson

• target language
  the language being taught (English); also sometimes refers to the language goal or aim to be presented in a lesson

• teachable moment
  an educational opportunity that comes up often unexpectedly and is taught as an aside

• teacher burnout
  a condition caused by depersonalization, prolonged stress and a diminished sense of accomplishment

• teacher centred
  a teaching method (outdated in the EFL industry) where the instructor does most of the talking

• teaching aids
  equipment, supplies, or materials that a teacher uses in the classroom
  e.g. tapes, videos, white board

• TEFL/TESL certificate
  a training certificate for teachers who want to teach English to learners of different native language ; certificates range in length, intensity and credibility (see ESL vs EFL)

• TEFL vs. TESL
  Teach English as a Foreign Language vs. Teach English as a Second Language (see EFL vs. ESL)

• tense
  the forms in a language that indicate the time and completion of an action or state
  e.g. simple tenses include past, present, future

• theme-based
  a whole language program or curriculum that is organized by themes or topics rather than skills
  e.g. animals; family; seasons

• third conditional
  the if-structure used to talk about events in the past that did not happen, as in If it had rained yesterday, we would have cancelled the game.

• TOEFL
  Test of English as a Foreign Language; a standardized exam that tests the four main language skills and may be used as an entrance prerequisite for tertiary education in the USA.

• TOEIC
  Test of English for International Communication; a standardized exam that tests a person's ability to use English in business and everyday situations

• top down learning/processing
  begins with general overview of a learning skill and proceeds to more specific aspects

• Total physical response
  part of the Communicative Approach; learners are encouraged to respond with actions before words

• transferable skills
  acquired skills that a person learns in one job and can be used later in a different job or career

• transitive verb
  an action verb that has a direct object (receiver of action)
  e.g. "The kids always eat a snack while they watch TV." The "snack" is the direct object. (see "intransitive")

• TTT
  Teacher Talking Time; the amount of time a teacher talks and the learner listens

• tutor
  a person who assists a learner privately; teaching session usually focuses on learner difficulties and specific goals

• two way
  bilingual environment in which L1 learners are taught L2 and vice versa at the same time

• (U.S.S.R.)
  Uninterrupted Sustained Silent Reading: a reading strategy where learners are required to read silently for a certain period of time

• usage
  the way language is used, especially in a certain country or region

• velar
  a consonant sound that is pronounced by touching the back of the tongue to the soft palate, as in /k/ in keep

• verb
  one of the nine parts of speech that describes action or state, such as work, fight, be, can, seem. For example:

• They walked to school.

• Matt is Australian.

• That sounds interesting.

• vernacular style
  everyday language that is characteristic of a specific country or group

• virtual classroom
  an online classroom that allows teacher and learners to see, hear and interact with each other in real time, share and view videos and presentations, and engage with learning resources individually or in groups.

• virtual field trip
  a collection of images, text and/or video from the World Wide Web that is gathered and packaged into a presentation on a certain topic

• visual learner
  people who learn best when teachers use body language, facial expression and pictures

• vocabulary
  1. the language system concerned with knowledge of words ("Vocabulary is at least as important as grammar.") 2. the total stock of words known to a particular learner ("You should read more; it will improve your vocabulary.")

• voiced sound
  a sound produced while the vocal chords are vibrating as in /z/. With an unvoiced or non-voiced or voiceless sound there is no vocal chord vibration as in /s/. The phenomenon is called voicing.

• VSO
  Voluntary Service Overseas

• warmer
  a short, fun activity that brings energy into the classroom and usually precedes a lesson

• whole language
  a language learning theory that stresses the importance of integrating reading, writing, speaking and listening

• word class (see part of speech)

• writing
  one of the four language skills, writing is the "output" or productive skill associated with written language

• zero conditional
  the if-structure used when the result of a condition is always true, as in If you heat ice it melts.